Nouns in German are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas and are always capitalized.

Cases in German (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive) indicate the function of nouns and pronouns in a sentence, such as the subject, direct object, indirect object, or possession.

Verbs in German describe actions, states, or occurrences and change form to express tense, mood, voice, number, and person.

Tenses in German indicate the time of action or state, including present, past (preterite and perfect), and future tenses.

Pronouns in German replace nouns to avoid repetition and must agree with the nouns they replace in gender, number, and case.

Articles in German (definite: der, die, das; indefinite: ein, eine) precede nouns and indicate their gender, number, and case.

Sentence structure in German typically follows a Subject-Verb-Object order, but verb placement can change in subordinate clauses and questions.

Adjectives in German describe or modify nouns and must agree with the nouns they describe in gender, number, and case.

Prepositions in German are words that link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other parts of the sentence, indicating relationships like location, direction, time, and manner.