Ebook German

Verb conjugation

Regular Verbs

Irregular Verbs

Conjugating irregular verbs is more complex.

Pay attention to vowel changes in the stem of the verb, which can affect conjugation. The German verb "sprechen (to speak)" changes to "ich spreche" and "du sprichst"; the vowel changes from "e" to "i".

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quick tip: Focus on the vowel change in the stem.

A verb describes an action, occurrence, or state of being. German verb conjugation refers to changing the form of a verb to match the subject (e.g. a person). The ending of the verb changes depending on who is doing the action.

Remove the en ending:

sing -en and add the correct ending to the verb according to the person. Memorise these verb endings and practise using them with different subjects (ich, du, er, ...) in order to become comfortable with using verbs in German sentences.

quick tip: Learn the verb endings by heart.

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Sentence Structure I

The verb's position in a sentence is very important. Basic sentences or statements follow the subject-verb-object structure.

Ich wohne in Berlin. (I live in Berlin.)

In question words like "wer" (who), "wie" (how), "woher" (where from) the verb comes second.

Wo wohnst du? (Where do you live?)

quick tip: Basic sentences: subject - verb - object;

Questions: question word - verb - subject

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Negation

"Nicht" means "not" and is used to create negative sentences. Place "nicht" directly before the word you want to negate.
"Ich bin müde" means "I am tired";

"Ich bin nicht müde" means "I am not tired".

quick tip: “Nicht” is always placed directly before the word you want to negate.

Word Formation

The name of the professions change depending on the gender of the person who holds them. If a man is a teacher, he would be called "der Lehrer," and if a woman is a teacher, she would be called "die Lehrerin." The ending "-in" is added to the noun for feminine professions. This applies to many professions in German.

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quick tip: Add “-in” for the feminine profession and use the article “die”.

Prepositions

The word "als" can be used to indicate a profession. "Bei" can be used to talk about where someone works. To say "I work at GermanMind as a (female) German teacher", say "Ich arbeite bei GermanMind als Deutschlehrerin."

"In" is used to talk about where someone lives. To say "I live in Dublin," you say "Ich wohne in Dublin."

quick tip:

“Als” indicates profession;

“bei” indicates place of work;

“in” indicates place of residence

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SENTENCE STRUCTURE II

Ja-Nein Fragen, also known as "yes-no questions", are used to ask for confirmation or clarification. They are formed by placing the verb at the beginning of the sentence, followed by the subject and then the rest of the sentence. Spielst du Fußball? (Do you play soccer?)

W-Fragen, also known as "question words", are used to ask for specific information about a subject or an object in a sentence. They are typically formed by placing the question word at the beginning of the sentence, followed by the verb and the subject and the rest of the sentence. Wo wohnst du? (Where do you live?)

Aussagesätze, or statements, follow the subject-verb-object structure without any interrogative words. They make a statement or express a fact. Ich wohne in Berlin. (I live in Berlin.)

quick tip: Yes-No-questions: Verb-Subject- ...

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JA - NEIN - DOCH - PARTICLES

"Ja" means "yes" and is used to confirm something or to give a positive answer to a question.

Hast du Hunger? (Are you hungry?)

Ja, ich habe Hunger. (Yes, I am hungry.)

"Nein" means "no" and is used to negate something or to give a negative answer to a question. Kannst du schwimmen? (Can you swim?) - Nein, ich kann nicht schwimmen. (No, I cannot swim.)
"Doch" is used to contradict a negative statement, to emphasise something that was previously stated, or to express surprise or disagreement. Du kannst nicht schwimmen, oder? (You can't swim, right?) - Doch, ich kann schwimmen. (Actually, I can swim.)

quick tip:

“Ja”: used for confirmations;

“Nein”: used for negations;

“Doch”: used for contradiction of negative statements

Possessive Articles

Possessive Articles are used to indicate ownership or possession of something and agree in gender, number, and case with the noun they are referring to.

Masc.: Ist das dein Hund? (Is that your dog?)
Neutr.: Das ist mein Buch. (This is my book.)
Fem.: Kennst du meine Schwester? (Do you know my sister?)
Pl.: Kennst du meine Schwestern? (Do you know my sisters?)
"Mein/meine" and "dein/deine" are declined to match the gender, number, and case of the noun they modify.

quick tip: Same endings as indefinite articles

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Definite articles and personal pronouns

Definite articles are used to refer to a specific person, thing, or concept, and are equivalent to the English word "the". The definite articles are: der (masculine), die (feminine), and das (neuter).
Personal pronouns replace nouns in sentences and must match the gender and whether the noun is singular or plural.

Basic rules for using the definite articles in German:

Masculine nouns: If a noun is masculine (e.g. der Mann - the man), use the definite article "der".
Feminine nouns: If a noun is feminine (e.g. die Frau - the woman), use the definite article "die".
Neuter nouns: If a noun is neuter (e.g. das Haus - the house), use the definite article "das".

It's important to note that the gender of a noun in German is not always predictable.

quick tip: Definite Articles in German are "der" (masculine), "die" (feminine), and "das" (neuter). You can replace them with "er," "sie," "es," and "sie" (plural) to refer to something specific.

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inDefinite articles

In German, there are the indefinite articles: ein (masculine and neuter) and eine (feminine). Indefinite articles are used to refer to a non-specific person, thing, or concept, and are equivalent to the English word "a" or "an".

Basic rules for using the indefinite articles in German:

Masculine nouns: If a noun is masculine (e.g. ein Mann - a man), then you use the indefinite article "ein".
Feminine nouns: If a noun is feminine (e.g. eine Frau - a woman), then you use the indefinite article "eine".
Neuter nouns: If a noun is neuter (e.g. ein Haus - a house), then you use the indefinite article "ein".

"Keine" is a word used to express negation or absence of something, and it is the negative form of "eine" (a/an) or "ein" (a/an) depending on the gender of the noun. "Keine" is used with feminine and plural nouns, while "kein" is used with masculine and neuter nouns.

quick tip: Indefinite Articles in German are "ein" (masculine and neuter) and "eine" (feminine). They refer to something non-specific.

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Plural articles

German has three ways to show plurals: die (the), keine (not any), and Nullartikel/no article.

"Die" is used for all plural nouns regardless of the noun's gender. Ich mag die Nachbarn. (I like the neighbours.)
"Keine" is used to show the negative form of a/an or any for plural nouns. Er isst keine Erdnüsse. (He doesn't eat peanuts.)
"Nullartikel" is used for abstract and mass nouns. Hans liebt kleine Hunde. (Hans loves small dogs.)

quick tip: There are three different ways to show plurals: "die" (used for all plural nouns), "keine" (used in the negative form of "a/an" or "any"), and "Nullartikel" (used for abstract and mass nouns).

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singular and plural

There are several different ways to form the plural, such as adding "-e" or "-en" to the end of the word, or using the "-s" or "-er" endings.
Some plural forms in German require an Umlaut, a change to the vowel sound, which can make the word sound quite different in the plural form.

Singular: das Buch (the book)

Plural: die Bücher (the books)

It's important to note that there are some irregular plural forms in German that don't follow these patterns; these will need to be learned individually.

quick tip: Memorise plural forms, including irregulars!

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GRAMMAR CASE: ACCUSATIVE

The accusative case in German is used to indicate the direct object of a verb, the noun that is receiving the action of the verb. To indicate the accusative case, the masculine article "der" (masculine) changes to "den". The remaining articles don't change.
Verbs such as "haben" (to have), "brauchen" (to need), and "kaufen" (to buy) often take direct objects in the accusative case

"Ich habe den Kaffee." (I have the coffee.)
"Ich brauche den Stift." (I need the pen.)
"Ich kaufe einen Kuchen." (I buy a cake)

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quick tip: Only the masculine article changes. der - den

Modalverb: Können (can, be able to)

1. "Können" is used to express what someone is able to do.

Ich kann Deutsch sprechen. (I can speak German.)
Kannst du schwimmen? (Can you swim?)

2. "Können" can also be used to express what is possible.

Es kann heute regnen. (It can rain today.)
Wir können ins Kino gehen. (We can go to the cinema.)

3. "Können" can be used to ask for permission to do something.

Kann ich bitte zur Toilette gehen? (Can I please go to the bathroom?)
Kann ich das Fenster öffnen? (Can I open the window?)

"Können" has irregular conjugations in the present tense.

In a main clause, the modal verb "können" is positioned in the second position of the sentence, and it is conjugated according to the subject. The full verb then appears in the final position of the sentence in the infinitive form (unconjugated).

quick tip: “Können” is used to express ability, possibility, and permission.

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Prepositions "Am", "um"

"Am": In German, the preposition "am" is a contraction of the preposition "an" (meaning "on" or "at") and the definite article "dem" (in the dative case). It is specifically used to indicate specific days of the week or dates.

Am Montag gehe ich zum Deutschkurs. (On Monday, I'm going to the German class.)
Ich treffe meine Freunde am 10. Mai. (I'm meeting my friends on May 10th.)

"Um": The preposition "um" is used to indicate specific times, such as hours or minutes. It is followed by the time in the 24-hour format (hour and minute).

Ich stehe um 7 Uhr auf. (I get up at 7 o'clock.)
Der Zug fährt um 15:45 Uhr ab. (The train departs at 3:45 p.m.)

Quick Tips: “Am” + days of the week/dates, “um” + times

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Verb position

In a simple German sentence, the verb usually comes second. The subject can be placed before or after the verb, depending on emphasis or information structure.

The word order can vary in German, but the basic SVO (subject-verb-object) order is generally followed.

"Gestern habe ich Deutsch gelernt" and "Ich habe gestern Deutsch gelernt": The sentences demonstrate that, although the subject can be placed before or after the verb in German, the conjugated verb typically retains its position as the second element in a simple main sentence.
In the sentence "Gestern habe ich Deutsch gelernt" (Yesterday, I learned German), the verb "habe" (have) is in second position, the subject is on position three. The direct object "Deutsch" (German) appears after the verb.

It's important to remember that in German, the subject can be positioned before or after the verb, but the conjugated verb generally maintains its place in the second position in a simple main sentence.
In "Ich habe gestern Deutsch gelernt", the subject "Ich" is placed before the conjugated verb "habe" in the first position. The adverb of time "gestern" (yesterday) follows as additional information, while the main verb "gelernt" (learned) is placed at the end of the sentence.

Quick Tips: The subject-verb-object structure is common in German, but be prepared for other flexible structures.

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Modalverb: Möchten (would like)

"Möchten" is the conditional form of the full verb "mögen" (to like).

"Mögen" is a full verb used to express a general preference or liking for something. Ich mag Schokolade. (I like chocolate.)
"Möchten" is a modal verb derived from "mögen" and requires another verb to show the action. It is used to make polite requests or express specific wishes. Ich möchte ein Eis essen. (I would like to eat ice cream.)

Sentence structure with "möchten" : Subject + "möchte" + rest of the sentence + infinitive verb (full verb in the basic form)

Ich möchte tanzen. (I would like to dance.)
Er möchte Deutsch lernen. (He would like to learn German.)

Quick Tips: “Möchten“ is used to express preference, politeness, and wishes.

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Word formation

To create compound nouns like "Schokoladenkuchen" (chocolate cake), combine the base forms of the two nouns. The modifying noun (Schokolade) generally comes before the main noun (Kuchen) to indicate the type or quality of the object. The gender is dictated by the second noun.

The linking element "n" or "s" is added based on the gender of the first noun: "n" for feminine or plural, "s" for masculine or neuter. Not every compound noun requires a linking element.

Quick Tips: Articles are determined by the last noun.

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Separable Verbs

German separable verbs consist of a prefix and a main verb, with the prefix being separated from the main verb in certain sentence structures. These separable verbs are often used in everyday German language.

German separable verbs are verbs that are combined with a prefix to create a new meaning.
The separable verb "anrufen" (to call) consists of the prefix "an" and the main verb "rufen" (to shout); the separable verb "aufstehen" (to get up), which is formed by the prefix "auf" and the main verb "stehen" (to stand). In English, it can be understood as "to get up" or "to rise." "Er steht um 7 Uhr auf" would be "He gets up at 7 o'clock."

To use separable verbs in German sentences:

Aussage/Statement: Verb in position 2, and prefix at the end. Ich stehe um 7 Uhr auf. (I get up at 7 am.)

W-Frage/Question with question word: Question word, verb in position 2, and prefix at the end. Wann stehst du morgen auf? (When do you get up tomorrow?)

Ja-/Nein-Frage/Yes/No question: Verb in position 1, and prefix at the end. Stellst du die Musik an? (Do you turn on the music?)

Quick Tips: Keep the prefix and main verb separated in the sentence; the prefix is placed at the end of the sentence.

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Prepositions "von", "bis", "ab"

The prepositions "von" and "bis" are used to indicate a range of time. The preposition "ab" is used to express starting from a particular time.

"Von ... bis ..." (From ... to/until ...): Start the sentence with "Von" followed by a specific starting time or date. Use "bis" followed by the ending time or date. "Mein Deutschkurs findet von 9 Uhr bis 10 Uhr statt." (My German course takes place from 9 am to 10 am.)

"Ab ..." (From ... onwards): "Ab" is used followed by a specific starting time or date. "Ab 9 Uhr bin ich in meinem Deutschkurs." (From 9 am (onwards) I'm in my German class.)

Quick Tips: “Von” (+ specific starting time or date) “bis” (+ ending time or date) = from...to...; “Ab” (+ specific starting time or date) = from...onwards

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Present Perfect

German present perfect (Das Perfekt) is used to talk about past actions with a connection to the present. It is formed with "haben" (to have) or "sein" (to be) + past participle.

The German present perfect is used more frequently than the English present perfect, especially in spoken language. Both tenses convey past actions relevant to the present, but German often indicates completed actions.

"Haben" is generally used with most verbs in German, while "sein" is used with certain verbs of motion, direction or change. To form the past participle, the ge- prefix is usually added to the verb. Regular verbs add "-t" or "-et" to the verb stem, while irregular verbs have their own unique forms, often ending in "-en". Irregular verbs have unique past participle forms that need to be memorized individually.

"Ich habe gegessen" (I have eaten), "gegessen" is the past participle of the verb "essen" (to eat). It functions as part of the verb phrase to indicate a completed action in the present perfect tense.

To use the German present perfect tense with the auxiliary verb "haben" (to have), follow this structure: Subject + haben + other elements + past participle

1. Ich habe das Buch gelesen. (I have read the book.)
2. Du hast den Film gesehen. (You have seen the movie.)
3. Er hat gestern Fußball gespielt. (He has played soccer yesterday.)
4. Wir haben Pizza bestellt. (We have ordered pizza.)
5. Ihr habt eure Hausaufgaben gemacht. (You all have done your homework.)

6. Sie haben das Konzert genossen. (They have enjoyed the concert.)

To use the German present perfect tense with the auxiliary verb "sein" (to be), follow this structure:
For irregular verbs, the past participle forms need to be memorised individually. "Ich bin eingeschlafen." (I have fallen asleep). "Eingeschlafen" is the past participle of the irregular verb "einschlafen" (to fall asleep).

Separable verbs remain one word with the "ge-" prefix positioned between the prefix of the verb and its stem.
Ich bin um 15 Uhr angekommen. (I arrived at 3 pm.)

In the present perfect, the conjugated form of "sein" and the past participle are placed in the usual word order. "Wir sind weggegangen." (We have left) "Weggegangen" is the past participle of the separable verb "weggehen" (to leave).

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Quick Tips: Use “haben” or “sein” + past participle and learn the past participles by heart.

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Preposition "im"

The temporal preposition "im" in German is used to indicate a specific point in time, usually referring to a month or a season.

It is a contraction of the preposition "in" and the definite article "dem" (in + dem = im).
When referring to a specific month: "Wir treffen uns im März." (We will meet in March.)
When referring to a season: "Im Sommer gehe ich gerne schwimmen." (I like to go swimming in summer.)
"Im" is followed by the specific time period (month or season) to indicate when an action takes place, and is used with masculine and neuter nouns, whereas "in der" is used with feminine nouns. For example, "in der Woche" (during the week) or "im Jahr" (during the year).

Quick Tips: Use "im" for specific points in time, like months or seasons, with masculine and neuter nouns in German. Use “in der”for feminine nouns.

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LOCAL PREPOSITIONS

Local prepositions are used to describe a location or position. The most important local prepositions in German are:

in: Das Café ist in der Bibliothek. (The café is in the library.)

an: Das Auto steht an der Ampel. (The car is at the traffic lights.)

auf: Die Kinder sind auf dem Spielplatz. (The children are on the playground.)

über: Die Lampe ist über dem Sofa. (The lamp is above the sofa.)

unter: Der Hund ist unter dem Tisch. (The dog is underneath the table.)

vor: Die Schule ist vor dem Park. (The school is in front of the park.)

hinter: Die Bank ist hinter der Bibliothek. (The bank is behind the library.)

neben: Das Restaurant liegt neben dem Café. (The restaurant is next to the café.)

zwischen: Die Bibliothek liegt zwischen der Universität und dem Dom. (The library is between the university and the cathedral.)

Quick Tips: "an" signifies proximity to or contact with the surface of an object while "auf" indicates being on top of something.

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DATIVE

When local prepositions are used to describe a position or location, they are followed by the dative case. In the dative case, all articles change.

When the prepositions "in" and "an" are combined with the dative article "dem" a contraction occurs. This means that a shortened form of the combined words is used:

in + dem = im

Der Dom ist im Zentrum. (The cathedrale is in the centre.)

an + dem = am

Ich warte am Bahnhof. (I'm waiting at the train station.)

Quick Tips: Use the dative case after Local Prepositions, and remember that all articles change in dative.

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Possessive -s

In German, you can indicate possession by adding "-s" to the end of the possessor's name or noun. This is comparable to English where the possessive "'s" is used (e.g., "Otto's house"). For example:

Annas Katze (Anna's cat)
Tims Fußball (Tim's football)
Sarahs Hunde (Sarah's dogs)

This is also called the Genitive case for proper nouns and it is common in spoken and informal written German. It's used primarily for singular nouns and names, both masculine and feminine.

Possessive Articles sein/ihr

In German, the possessive articles sein (his/its) and ihr (her/their) are used to indicate possession or ownership, similar to "his," "her," "its," and "their" in English. These possessive articles change according to the gender, number, and case of the noun they modify.

Quick Tips: Pay attention to the endings! Possessive articles change just like the definite articles (der, die, das)

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Chapter 12

Dative verbs

Some verbs require the use of the Dative case for their objects, meaning the noun or pronoun that follows these verbs is in the Dative case. This can be different from English, where the same verbs might not require an indirect object or might use a prepositional phrase. Some common German verbs that require the Dative case are:

helfen (to help): Ich helfe meinem Freund. (I help my friend.)

danken (to thank): Er dankt der Lehrerin. (He thanks the teacher.)

gefallen (to please, to like): Das Buch gefällt dem Mann. (The man likes the book.)

gehören (to belong to): Das Auto gehört meiner Mutter. (The car belongs to my mother.)

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Quick TIP: Some German verbs always take the dative case. Common ones include:

helfen (to help): Ich helfe meinem Bruder. (I help my brother.)
danken (to thank): Wir danken der Lehrerin. (We thank the teacher.)
gehören (to belong): Das gehört mir. (That belongs to me.)

Dative pronouns

When Dative verbs refer to a pronoun, we need to use the Dative form of the pronouns. You have actually already seen some of the Dative pronouns in your very first German lesson:

-Wie geht es dir? (How are you? – informal)

-Wie geht es Ihnen? (How are you? – formal)

The structure for sentences with Dative verbs in combination with the pronouns remains the same: Subject + Verb + Dative Object

helfen: Wir helfen euch morgen. (We will help you tomorrow.)

danken: Ich danke dir für das Geschenk. (I thank you for the gift.)

gefallen: Gefällt dir das Lied? (Do you like the song?)

gehören: Das Buch gehört ihm. (The book belongs to him.)

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Quick TIP: Some German verbs always take the dative case. Common ones include:

helfen (to help): Ich helfe meinem Bruder. (I help my brother.)
danken (to thank): Wir danken der Lehrerin. (We thank the teacher.)
gehören (to belong): Das gehört mir. (That belongs to me.)

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Temporal prepositions

Temporal prepositions are used to describe the timing or duration of an event. Four common temporal prepositions are vor, nach, in and für. Each has specific uses related to expressing time:

Vor (Before, Ago): is used to indicate a point in time before another event or to express how long ago something happened:

Vor dem Essen wasche ich mir die Hände. (Before eating, I wash my hands.)
Ich habe ihn vor einer Woche getroffen. (I met him a week ago.)

In (In, Within): is used to indicate a future point in time (in a specified amount of time) or to express that something will happen within a certain time frame.

In einer Woche fahre ich nach Berlin. (In a week, I am going to Berlin.)
Das Projekt muss in einem Monat fertig sein. (The project must be finished within a month.)

Nach (After): is used to indicate a point in time following another event. It is the opposite of vor when used to indicate a sequence of events.

Nach dem Essen gehe ich spazieren. (After eating, I go for a walk.)
Nach der Schule mache ich meine Hausaufgaben. (After school, I do my homework.)

Für (For): is used to indicate a duration of time. It describes how long something lasts or will last.

Ich bleibe für einen Monat. (I am staying for a month.)
Wir sind für drei Tage in Berlin. (We are in Berlin for three days.

Quick Tip: Temporal prepositions show when something happens. Common ones include:

am (on): Am Montag habe ich Deutschkurs. (On Monday, I have German class.)
um (at): Der Kurs beginnt um 18 Uhr. (The class starts at 6 PM.)
im (in): Im Winter ist es kalt. (In winter, it's cold.)

Use am for days/dates, um for exact times, and im for months/seasons!

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prepositions

In German, the prepositions mit (with) and ohne (without) are used to show whether something is included or not.

Using mit (with)

The preposition mit is always followed by the dative case.

Examples:
- Ich trinke Kaffee mit Milch.
  (I drink coffee with milk.)
- Er geht mit seinem Freund ins Kino.
  (He is going to the cinema with his friend.

Using ohne (without)

The preposition ohne is always followed by the accusative case.
Examples:
Ich trinke Tee ohne Zucker.

Quick Tip: There is no "mit die" and no "ohne der".

"Mit" always uses the dative case, so you say mit dem, mit der, or mit den (not mit die).

"Ohne" always uses the accusative case, so you say ohne den, ohne die, or ohne das (not ohne der).

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Modal verb "wollen"

Wollen means "to want" and is used to express desires. It is a modal verb, so it works with another verb in its infinitive form.

Ich will essen. (I want to eat.)
Er will schwimmen. (He wants to swim.)

Negative Form:

To say don’t want, add nicht after wollen.

Ich will nicht gehen. (I don’t want to go.)

Quick Tip: Use the structure: Subject + wollen (conjugated) + verb (infinitive).

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Modal verb "sollen"

The verb sollen means "should" or "ought to" in English. It is used to give advice, suggestions, or express what someone is expected to do.

Sollen is used with another verb in its infinitive form, and it shows that something is expected or recommended.

Du sollst mehr Wasser trinken. (You should drink more water.)
Er soll seine Hausaufgaben machen. (He should do his homework.)

Negative Form:

To say should not, add nicht after sollen.

Du sollst nicht so viel essen. (You should not eat so much.)

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Quick Tip: Use the structure: Subject + sollen (conjugated) + verb (infinitive).

imperative Tense

The formal imperative in German is used when speaking politely to one person or a group. To form it, use the verb in the infinitive form and place Sie after it. Make sure you use Sie for formal situations (e.g., with strangers, teachers, or in business settings). The verb stays in the infinitive form.

Kommen Sie bitte hier! (Please come here!)
Hören Sie gut zu! (Listen carefully!)

Negative Formal Imperative:

To say don't do something, add nicht after the verb.

Kommen Sie nicht zu spät! (Don’t come too late!)

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Quick Tip: For the formal imperative, just use Sie + verb (infinitive).

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present and Past tense

In German, we use sein (to be) and haben (to have) a lot. They are irregular verbs, so their forms change depending on the subject and the tense.

In the present tense (Präsens), we use it to talk about now.

Ich bin müde (I am tired) and Ich habe Hunger (I am hungry).

In the past tense (Präteritum), we talk about things that happened before.

Ich war müde (I was tired) and Ich hatte Hunger (I was hungry).

Quick Tip: sein means "to be" and haben means "to have". Practise these forms because you will use them every day!

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non-separable verbs

Some verbs in German are called non-separable verbs (nicht trennbare Verben). These verbs have prefixes like be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, miss-, ver-, zer-. When we use these verbs in the perfect tense, we always use haben (most of the time) as the helping verb and we do not add ge- to the main verb because the prefix stays the same.

Ich habe besucht. (I visited.) → from besuchen (to visit)
Er hat erklärt. (He explained.) → from erklären (to explain)
Wir haben verloren. (We lost.) → from verlieren (to lose).

Quick Tip: Non-separable verbs always keep their prefix, and you don’t add ge-. Look for the prefixes to know if a verb is non-separable.

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In German, the imperative is used to give commands or make requests. There are different forms depending on whether you're speaking to one person (du) or more than one person (ihr).

For du (informal singular), the imperative form is usually the same as the verb stem without any ending. For example:

Geh! (Go!)
Komm! (Come!)

For ihr (informal plural), the imperative form is the same as the ihr form of the present tense. For example:

Geht! (Go! - plural)
Kommt! (Come! - plural)

IMPERATIVE

Quick Tip: The verb stem is used for du commands. For ihr commands, use the same form as in the present tense.

In German, personal pronouns are used to replace nouns. In the accusative case (when there is a direct object), some pronouns change form.

Ich sehe den Mann. → Ich sehe ihn. (I see him.)
Hast du das Buch? → Hast du es? (Do you have it?)
Wir treffen die Freunde. → Wir treffen sie. (We meet them.)

Personal Pronouns in the Accusative Case

Quick Tip: The accusative case is used with verbs like sehen (to see), haben (to have), and lieben (to love). Ask Whom? or What? to find the direct object.

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modal verb dürfen / müssen

The modal verb "dürfen" is used to indicate whether someone has permission to do something. Du darfst Hans besuchen. (You are allowed to visit Hans.)

"Dürfen" is frequently used in polite questions. Darf ich dir etwas zu trinken bringen? (May I get you something to drink?)

When combined with "dürfen" and "nicht," it expresses that doing something is forbidden: Du darfst Lisa nicht besuchen. (You are not allowed to visit Lisa.)

"Müssen"

The modal verb "müssen" is employed to convey that something is important or necessary. Du musst deine

Hausaufgaben machen. (You must do your homework.)

The modal verb (müssen/dürfen) is positioned in the second position of the sentence, the full verb is placed at the end of the sentence. (Du darfst hier nicht rauchen!)

Quick Tip: "Dürfen" expresses permission, polite questions, and negation of permission. "Müssen" isused to indicate importance or necessity.

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COMPARATIVE

Numerous adjectives can take on comparative or superlativeforms, resulting in three types: positive, comparative, and superlative.The comparative is formed by adding the suffix -er, while thesuperlative uses -st or -est. In some cases, certain adjectives experience an umlaut change, like alt – älter – am ältesten.

It is important to note that some adjectives are irregular, and others lack a comparative or superlative form altogether.

Quick Tip: Form the comparative with the suffix -er and the superlative with -st or -est.

COMPARISON

To indicate that two living beings or things possess the same trait, you can use "(genau) so + basic form of the adjective + wie": Hans kocht (genau) so gut wie Heidi. (Hans cooks (just) as well as Heidi.)

When two creatures or things differ in a certain trait, you should use the comparative form + "als":

Klaus kocht besser als Paul. (Klaus cooks better than Paul.)

Quick Tip: Use "(genau) so" + basic form of theadjective + "wie" to indicate equality and thecomparative + "als" to show differences.

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WORD FORMATION "-LOS"

Adjectives ending in "-los" are employed to describe someone who lacks a particular trait or does not possess something. When the adjective is derived from a noun (for example, the feeling), it is common to use the -los ending. gefühlvoll – gefühllos (sentimental – emotionless)

verständnisvoll – verständnislos (sympathetic –unsympathetic)

Quick Tip: Use adjectives with the suffix -los to indicate absence or negation of certain traits.

Conjuction "denn"

The question "Warum?" (Why?) can be answered in two ways: either with "weil" + a subordinate clause (conjugated verb at the end), or with "denn" + a main clause (conjugated verb in the second position, subject, ...).

Compare the following examples:

-Nico möchte nicht studieren, weil er lieber arbeiten möchte. (Nico doesn't want to study because he would rather work)

-Nico möchte nicht studieren, denn er möchte lieber arbeiten. (Nico doesn't want to study because he would rather work)

It's important to note that a main clause with "denn" is never placed at the beginning of the complete sentence:

-Ich lerne Deutsch, denn ich will in Berlin studieren. (I'm learning German because I want to study in Berlin.)

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Subjunctive II "Würde"

The Subjunctive II, also known as the possibility form, i used to express assumptions, unreal situations, and things that are not currently possible. It is commonly used when imagining, wishing, for, or making polite requests, suggestions, or advice.

The indicative, on the other hand, describes the real world, portraying events that genuinely occur.

-Indicative: Ich gehe gerne mit euch ins Freibad. (I love going to the pool with you.)

-Subjunctive II: Ich würde gerne mit euch ins Freibad gehen (I would love to go to the pool with you.)

Quick Tip: The subjunctive II is used to describe unreal situations, wishes, and dreams.

ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers are used for dates, titles (e.g., of kings), enumerations, or sequences. They are declined, and their endings correspond to the adjective endings, depending on the article and gender of the noun. Ordinal numbers in German are written with a period: 1. Oktober (1st October)

Ordinal numbers from 1 to 19 are formed by adding the suffix "-te" to the number word, with the exceptions of "eins," "drei," "sieben," and "acht."

-Die erste, zweite Klasse (The first, second grade)

-Der siebte, achte Tag (The seventh, eigth day)

Ordinal numbers from 20 upwards are formed by adding the suffix "-ste" to the basic numbers, with no expections to this rule.

-Die zwanzigste Etage (The twentieth floor)

-Der einundzwanzigste Stock (The twenty-first floor)

Quick Tip: Use ordinal numbers for dates, titles, enumerations, or sequences. Remember to write them with a period.

Question word "wann"

"Wann" is used to ask questions about time or specific points in time. It is equivalent to the English word "when".

Here are a few examples of how tu use "wann" in German:

1. Wann kommst du? (When are you coming?)

2. Wann fängt der Film an? (When does the movie start?)

3. Weißt du, wann der Zug fährt? (Do you know when the train departs?)

"Wann" is typically used at the beginning of a question, just like "when" in English.

Quick Tip: "Wann" is used to ask questions about time or specific points in time.

Using mit (with)

Negative Form:

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Quick Tip: Use the structure: Subject + wollen (conjugated) + verb (infinitive).

The verb sollen means "should" or "ought to" in English. It is used to give advice, suggestions, or express what someone is expected to do.

Negative Form:

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Quick Tip: Use the structure: Subject + sollen (conjugated) + verb (infinitive).

Negative Formal Imperative:

Quick Tip: For the formal imperative, just use Sie + verb (infinitive).

Quick Tip: sein means "to be" and haben means "to have". Practise these forms because you will use them every day!

Quick Tip: Non-separable verbs always keep their prefix, and you don’t add ge-. Look for the prefixes to know if a verb is non-separable.

Quick Tip: The verb stem is used for du commands. For ihr commands, use the same form as in the present tense.

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Quick Tip: The accusative case is used with verbs like sehen (to see), haben (to have), and lieben (to love). Ask Whom? or What? to find the direct object.